Showing posts with label مقالات. Show all posts
Showing posts with label مقالات. Show all posts
Thursday, September 17, 2015
Thursday, April 30, 2015
Are we really are ?
Are we really are ? If this universe just a
hologram
.. ? what are we in it
The principle of hologram, another shocking idea of ??the mind. Where this theory predicts - in mathematics - that the universe needs only to two dimensions, but it seems to us three-dimensional because it works as a huge holograms.
Although this thesis sounds crazy, but for two decades was Alonzer draw and attract interested, and now research results indicate that this principle is likely that our universe is flat, and it could soon be tested.
This means that everything in our world is familiar with the three-dimensional image can be a bilateral process to take place in two dimensions, adding the horizon in
the fact that alarming
But let's look again. While this idea seems silly too,
the science to reconsider
The principle of the holograms raised for the first time Leonard Susskind in the nineties of the last century, and the Jimmy Andino make a great effort to explain the basic idea.
"It raises the volume of space that can be seen as a confined space within its borders, so that the observer - dependent on the horizon of its appeal - needs to be just one less than is believed."
And to make this seem real, you need to draw a map of the phenomena of gravity - and usually described in three dimensions of space - with the results of quantitative molecules - and depicted the behavior of two-dimensional aliens.
And surprising, and I found physics theory that it confirms the theory, and since 1997 more than 10,000 published a research paper in support of the theory
But scientists tested this theory on the abnormal space with negative curvature on the temporal and spatial environment flat, which is quite different from the space in which we live.
So what scientists mean when they say that the universe is flat?
This means that the time and place is two curves at all, and the universe can be extended indefinitely. Had the curvature of the universe in a positive or negative in nature, to the universe was a closed system, and throw anything in the space up to you.
And now the team from the Vienna University of Technology in Austria, they took the idea to a higher level, Vnscheroa a research paper in the in the journal Physical Review Letters showed that the principle of Alhologerav can be true in the system as being flat
"If the amount of gravity in the flat vacuum allowed Description Hologeravy quantity theory titer. The quantities resulting Aelovesaaiah calculated with both theories and results must be approved by the theory, "says senior researcher
Daniel Gramaler
And to experience it, the Gramaler and his team create attractive theory on the fact that we are working flat spatial temporal, and did not need to "abnormal vacuum with negative curvature." And also tested whether the basic properties of quantum mechanics will appear in this theory or not.
As Andino explains: "It shows that you can measure the extent of tangles with quantitative system, which is called" the chaos of tangles ", Gramaler has explained that it has the same value in the flat amount of gravity and quantum field theory in a minus dimension. "
"These accounts confirm that the principle of the Hologerav can be achieved in the flat vacuum. This evidence of the possibility of this similarity in our universe,
"says researcher Max Ragelr
And this result is somewhat amazing and terrifying at the same time, because it means that we are likely to be able to accept the idea that we live in a huge holograms.
"The fact that we can even talk about quantitative information and random tangles in the theory of gravity is stunning in itself, and it would have been difficult to imagine even if we go back a few years back," says Gramaler "which we can use this as a ..way to test the theory of the possibility Hologerav
Tuesday, April 21, 2015
Mathematics and absolutism 2015
Mathematics
and absolutism

Ask a problem
The history of humanity and its knowledge indicates that mathematics was one of the first science origination, and what was taught abstract topics from all sensory material, the issues to be determined by an absolute certainty, so we find the mind where the largest possible place holds while the share of the sense in which very little, but if each had something out of science and each source, what is the origin of mathematics? The source concepts?
I. Do the math in the first origin issued by the mind necessarily? Alice to experience the impact of their presence?
First: rationalism "ideal": This doctrine believes that mathematical concepts stemming from
Mind, The place engineering and straight line and number concepts and Infinite and all other sports mentality gloss abstract, does not indicate that it originated by sensory observation but they were of the mind alone, the most famous pioneers of this doctrine of Plato, Descartes, Kant. Greek philosopher Plato gave precedence to the mind, which was live in the world of ideals and was aware of all other facts, including mathematical concepts such as the rectum and the circle and triangle, but when you separate him from this world has forgotten his ideas, he should be remembered that the perceived alone. French philosopher Descartes also go to the sports meanings of numbers and shapes are innate ideas of God deposited in us since the beginning, and what the mind is the most equitable apportionment among the people all of the people involved in the mental processes where they live out their conclusions. It also can be accessed, as the German philosopher Imanuel Kant argues that the idea of time and space are two ideas Midwives (Aftceka) and mind on external things.
Second: empiricism "sensuous": This doctrine believes that mathematical concepts origin experimental sensory, and that the mind is just a blank sheet of reflective and registered as it is, in fact, sports not innate but are acquired through observation and experience, the most famous defenders of this trend: the philosopher John Locke, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, where John Locke believes that the mind as a blank page and that experience is that Skip on this mind.
As
David Hume believes that it is born when he is devoid of the sense of
the senses can not know the consequences of the impressions that lost
sense of ideas not know what color, for example. See John Stuart
Mill argued that the mathematical meanings was only a partial copy of
the things given to the substantive experience, where he says: "The
dots, lines, circles carried by each and every one in his mind are
just copies of dots, lines, circles defined in the experiment"
Humans have an inventory of the straight lines of the movement Birds
or march arrow and circle of the moon or the sun disk or
iris.
Third: dumping in abstraction from the nature of mathematics:
Both isms (mental and experimental) have disagreed on the interpretation of the emergence of mathematical concepts were totally separation between mind and experience, even though the mathematics history shows us that sports meanings can not be considered a sensible things whole, nor reasonable pure concepts. It can will complement together to explain the genesis of mathematical meanings, because these meanings did not arise at once, but has grown and evolved gradually over time, the mathematical concepts sensory began a pilot in the first her and then evolved into the concepts of deductive abstract, but rather reflect the highest levels of abstraction using fictional numbers , composite, this said: (The knowledge is not final given ready and necessary to the process of forming the experience and abstraction).
II. In spite of its lofty view of the curriculum and the results, can be described correct industry in all cases, in its premises and conclusions?
What is the methodology followed by the athlete to demonstrate his findings?
First, in terms of curriculum and bases:
1 premises Approach: This methodology is based on deductive reasoning, which inference necessarily depends on initial premises known Baloliat and women and definitions to establish proof of the sincerity or lie on the table to resolve the issue.
A of axioms: axioms preliminary issues by the incredible mind without proof, they generally include any and all science is used in all proof. Example: All the biggest part, Two values Similar third quantity are equal.
B postulates: also called seizures or topics to which it puts the mind, and confiscations are the issues that delivers mind telling the truth, so that he could build a mathematical proof they needed permission from making the mind and this is said to be aware of each and forfeitures developed by Euclid:
Straight out of the point can not only draw a line parallel to it.
Parallel lines do not meet whatever columns along.
Place with three dimensions: length, width, height.
C definitions: Do not enter the field of research concepts sports, but if the mind penned abstract formulation is far from the reality of the experience, but this Tariffs are suitable for the creation of abstract concepts tool, and this definitions are necessary to determine the mathematical meanings and clarified. Example: Triangle: a geometric shape surrounded by three straight lines intersecting two by two. Box number: is multiplied by the number in the same
2 methods demonstrated in the curriculum: If this is the basis and principles demonstrated sports, how to move them to the results, which obliges them? In other what is demonstrated in the math methods?
There are two ways reach whichever is the sports world to prove the facts and construction, through the so-called proof of analytical and other so-called evidence synthesis.
1 analytical proof: the return on the complex issue and you want to prove to other issues simpler ones known to us and we have already proved, and analytical proof is divided into two sections:
A direct proof analytical: and it is going from unknown issue to the issue of information, for example, we have the following equation:
Q +8 = 10
Solving this equation depends on the mathematical principle of a common-sense argument: that put a fixed amount of equals will not change, let us cast Are worth permission amount (8) from both sides of the first equation:
X + = 8 8 10 8
Q = 2
B analytical proof is direct: and we are trying to prove by this proof that the opposite of the case required to prove them false and lying conclude this honesty.
Example: (a) // (b) and (b) // (c) required to prove (a) // (c)
Suppose that (a) does not // (c) and is thus broken, and if a piece parts (b) and this is impossible and it (a) // (c).
(A)
(B)
(C)
2 compositional proof: it is the transmission of the principles and foundations of the movement aims to create and establish the results of a new vehicle in the proof synthetic reflected the effectiveness of our creative thought.
Example: Our equations c 2 = 0, c 3 = 0
We can Naamlhma equation of the first class, but the proof requires structural equations to strike at each other to get the new quadratic equation, namely: Q Q 5 +6 = 0
Secondly, in terms of results:
The consequences curricular sports and nature theme characterized as deterministic results reflect the certainty and precision and clarity, it is also abstract the results of all sensory material, because it deals with quantities and amounts away from the qualities and attributes, as well as the results are characterized by harmony with the principles and concepts of produced and compatibility them away from contradiction, making it the model and example of a role model in uncertainty, as they reflect the results of the novelty and creativity, innovation and effectiveness of the mind.
III. What are the limits of mathematics and its value?
The mathematical thinking and despite the achievements of certainty to demonstrate the accuracy of the results and methods, it has limits stands then, but shall be referred to the sockets, the most important of these drawbacks:
The mathematical truths characterized by certainty and honesty when it come down to the experimental applications lose their accuracy and located in any approximations to deal with it and actually lose their accuracy and becomes merely approximate odds possible.
The mathematical concepts can not be described in absolute and not to change, and this is evidenced by multiple geometries, in addition to Euclid's geometry new geometries Vacancy for Civil for “Obaczewski” has emerged, and the geometry of Riemann, this Polagan says :( The large number of systems in engineering, for evidence that the math where no facts absolute).
But despite these drawbacks for mathematics, mathematics remains summit in clarity and intuitiveness and a form of thought creative creative, this has been able to invade all the sciences in order to clarity and accuracy, and is considered ideal for all science in accuracy and certainty, and therefore we say that mathematics is now necessary for all science has become so :( said that modern science and mathematics Output )
Conclusion: solve the problem
Mathematics subject matter, and its approach, and results, and its language, remains occupies the finest of which was obtained by the Science accuracy and certainty, and that the language model has become the necessity of looking forward to acquire all scientific thinking, which means that math is a model uncertainty crossing for absolutism
Third: dumping in abstraction from the nature of mathematics:
Both isms (mental and experimental) have disagreed on the interpretation of the emergence of mathematical concepts were totally separation between mind and experience, even though the mathematics history shows us that sports meanings can not be considered a sensible things whole, nor reasonable pure concepts. It can will complement together to explain the genesis of mathematical meanings, because these meanings did not arise at once, but has grown and evolved gradually over time, the mathematical concepts sensory began a pilot in the first her and then evolved into the concepts of deductive abstract, but rather reflect the highest levels of abstraction using fictional numbers , composite, this said: (The knowledge is not final given ready and necessary to the process of forming the experience and abstraction).
II. In spite of its lofty view of the curriculum and the results, can be described correct industry in all cases, in its premises and conclusions?
What is the methodology followed by the athlete to demonstrate his findings?
First, in terms of curriculum and bases:
1 premises Approach: This methodology is based on deductive reasoning, which inference necessarily depends on initial premises known Baloliat and women and definitions to establish proof of the sincerity or lie on the table to resolve the issue.
A of axioms: axioms preliminary issues by the incredible mind without proof, they generally include any and all science is used in all proof. Example: All the biggest part, Two values Similar third quantity are equal.
B postulates: also called seizures or topics to which it puts the mind, and confiscations are the issues that delivers mind telling the truth, so that he could build a mathematical proof they needed permission from making the mind and this is said to be aware of each and forfeitures developed by Euclid:
Straight out of the point can not only draw a line parallel to it.
Parallel lines do not meet whatever columns along.
Place with three dimensions: length, width, height.
C definitions: Do not enter the field of research concepts sports, but if the mind penned abstract formulation is far from the reality of the experience, but this Tariffs are suitable for the creation of abstract concepts tool, and this definitions are necessary to determine the mathematical meanings and clarified. Example: Triangle: a geometric shape surrounded by three straight lines intersecting two by two. Box number: is multiplied by the number in the same
2 methods demonstrated in the curriculum: If this is the basis and principles demonstrated sports, how to move them to the results, which obliges them? In other what is demonstrated in the math methods?
There are two ways reach whichever is the sports world to prove the facts and construction, through the so-called proof of analytical and other so-called evidence synthesis.
1 analytical proof: the return on the complex issue and you want to prove to other issues simpler ones known to us and we have already proved, and analytical proof is divided into two sections:
A direct proof analytical: and it is going from unknown issue to the issue of information, for example, we have the following equation:
Q +8 = 10
Solving this equation depends on the mathematical principle of a common-sense argument: that put a fixed amount of equals will not change, let us cast Are worth permission amount (8) from both sides of the first equation:
X + = 8 8 10 8
Q = 2
B analytical proof is direct: and we are trying to prove by this proof that the opposite of the case required to prove them false and lying conclude this honesty.
Example: (a) // (b) and (b) // (c) required to prove (a) // (c)
Suppose that (a) does not // (c) and is thus broken, and if a piece parts (b) and this is impossible and it (a) // (c).
(A)
(B)
(C)
2 compositional proof: it is the transmission of the principles and foundations of the movement aims to create and establish the results of a new vehicle in the proof synthetic reflected the effectiveness of our creative thought.
Example: Our equations c 2 = 0, c 3 = 0
We can Naamlhma equation of the first class, but the proof requires structural equations to strike at each other to get the new quadratic equation, namely: Q Q 5 +6 = 0
Secondly, in terms of results:
The consequences curricular sports and nature theme characterized as deterministic results reflect the certainty and precision and clarity, it is also abstract the results of all sensory material, because it deals with quantities and amounts away from the qualities and attributes, as well as the results are characterized by harmony with the principles and concepts of produced and compatibility them away from contradiction, making it the model and example of a role model in uncertainty, as they reflect the results of the novelty and creativity, innovation and effectiveness of the mind.
III. What are the limits of mathematics and its value?
The mathematical thinking and despite the achievements of certainty to demonstrate the accuracy of the results and methods, it has limits stands then, but shall be referred to the sockets, the most important of these drawbacks:
The mathematical truths characterized by certainty and honesty when it come down to the experimental applications lose their accuracy and located in any approximations to deal with it and actually lose their accuracy and becomes merely approximate odds possible.
The mathematical concepts can not be described in absolute and not to change, and this is evidenced by multiple geometries, in addition to Euclid's geometry new geometries Vacancy for Civil for “Obaczewski” has emerged, and the geometry of Riemann, this Polagan says :( The large number of systems in engineering, for evidence that the math where no facts absolute).
But despite these drawbacks for mathematics, mathematics remains summit in clarity and intuitiveness and a form of thought creative creative, this has been able to invade all the sciences in order to clarity and accuracy, and is considered ideal for all science in accuracy and certainty, and therefore we say that mathematics is now necessary for all science has become so :( said that modern science and mathematics Output )
Conclusion: solve the problem
Mathematics subject matter, and its approach, and results, and its language, remains occupies the finest of which was obtained by the Science accuracy and certainty, and that the language model has become the necessity of looking forward to acquire all scientific thinking, which means that math is a model uncertainty crossing for absolutism
Sunday, April 19, 2015
An article about memory and imagination
Aware
of the outside world
memory
and imagination
Introduction: Ask a problem resort in many
situations
encountered in
our
lives, and also to address the problems to the gains of the past
experiences, because we do not stay in the present moment and its
potential level, surely the human is not limited to the logic of the
present alone, he organizes his life within the past fabric network,
present and future, It can also for a person to the process of
installing the last of the images without having it last as it is,
through the construction of new either sometimes as well, or at other
times by omission, as it has the ability to overcome the past and
present together, which is based in this process and two
Psychologically
and Mentally
two memory and imagination, which are linked together and
overlap, but if we can not do without the outside world in our
activities mentality we in evoke memories and stir our imagination,
build and innovate, but why we can not in our construction or
creativity, re-past data and perceptions of the present as it is? How
can be considered to remember the restoration of what is past in
order to rebuild what is the bet? The concept of memory: the
functionality that is working to save the past experiences, and the
ability to be revived and retrieval, in order to adapt to the current
situation. Has ever known "No Land" in his dictionary
"philosophical terms" as: ((psychological function is to
rebuild the state of emotional identification with the past in terms
of is) as well). And it can be concluded that the process of
psychological emotional memory, indicating a general humanitarian
privacy, which varies according to the individual abilities. The
nature of remembering between organic characteristics and emotional
characteristics: the interpretation of the nature of remembering the
varied opinions, not philosophers and scientists agree on one
interpretation to it, in that it interferes in the process of what is
organic and what is my body myself. Organic interpretation
(physical) to remember: Full proponents of this view interpretation
of the nature of remembering to physical organic characteristics,
process of installing and keeping memories and retrieval, linked to
biological organic devices, exist on the level of the brain, which is
responsible for the various memory operations, but this was
considered " Repo " that: ( (memory biological
phenomenon, and the phenomenon of the psychology of the offer)). This
confirms the physical direction, trying to interpret remembering a
scientific explanation process, to return the occurrence to the total
dynamic links between nerve cells that register impressions, and
reserves the effects in the brain in the form of physical traces left
by accident on the cerebral cortex cells, and increases install and
save these memories more through repetition , example, several
times highlights the impact of bending over, as the memories fade of
the brain, the more hit area in which any kind of damage, starting
damaged what was held by partially or completely. And it
concluded Ribot ((that memory and general function of the nervous
system)), so the nature of the memory-based organic efficiency
associated with the body and its functions. Discussion: However,
we note the interpretation of the nature of the memory
characteristics of organic material alone, when many of exaggeration,
because there is a psychological disorder and shocks lead to loss of
the ability to remember even though the safety of the brain and
nervous system. The link Memories certain centers in the brain
the idea of not substantiated scholarly research, but also
prove that the nervous system accurately and synaptic system includes
all the sensory and intellectual functions in humans, which means
that the efficiency of organic confined to clarify the physical
aspect in memory mechanism only, while the memory as a function of
vital and how it related to other characteristics of the
unconscious
Interpretation emotional (spiritual) to remember: The interpretation of the nature of remembering the various functions when the owners of this trend, led by "Bergson" respond to emotional characteristics psychological, psychological process conscious strong feeling, it is the essence of my soul pure, enduring emotional, recorded everything that we have lived and passed us, and remains alive and preserved as images within oneself, and does not return to the arena feeling, but when needed, and a tool to link the past with the present and retrieval is the brain or nervous system. To illustrate this basis, and to respond at the same time the owners of the organic interpretation, distinguishes Bergson between two types of memory: memory kinetics: and be in the form of a mechanism linked to the body's habits, which include motor activities acquired repetitive, which is usually just a mechanism utilitarian only and do not reflect the fact remembering. Psychological unconscious memory: It is the mouthpiece of the fact that it includes memory for the past, respective faiths and re-revival at the same time, they are memory mental images associated with the permanence of feeling, and independent of the brain and the habit memory. Hence, the memory is unconscious property reflects the psychological images that live past and Tsthoudrhen and have the ability to revive it in the present
Discussion: is that the memory characteristics emotional link alone, is exaggerated, because the recovery of some memories need to be dynamic support, and to the status of a psychological, falling in the status of physical, as it is difficult to understand that memory a feeling myself sincere, used brain material as mechanisms for evoke memories, this should not overlap indicates what is organic is including myself, and that the separation between them is spiky
Remembering between knowledge and psychological balance
Act of remembering plays an important role in human life, whether of the cognitive or emotional, and individuals differ in their knowledge, balance different psychological ability to call their memories, but where is the psychological value to remember, you in the role of the mind or in the role of spontaneous emotions? Mental memory and remembering voluntary: mental memory is memory that kept meanings and ideas and evidence, judgments and perceptions, which reflect the total mental images and activities are stored, and have a crucial impact on the acquisition of science and knowledge and mental development and revitalization of capacity. Among the most prominent images of memory and mental: remembering voluntary: It is the finest and memory functions because it reminds organizer, is characterized by the intervention of the mind and the presence of consciousness, and its effectiveness in the past, representation, and Mracpthen and interpreted, and co-opting elements, and coordination, and this requires more effort, and meditation deeper and clearer understanding, requires the use of other functions, Kalzca, and imagination, perception, it is little basis to pick and choose and intent. Memory emotional and memory spontaneous: Memory emotional a memory associated with the ability to remember the circumstances of emotional earlier, and the accompanying sense of psychological impressions, and this memory is that revives emotions, awaken tendencies and renewed agitation, but its impact varies from one person to another, it has to be strong and clear, has be weak, according to the self, and the impact of the memory of the topics where, and also our emotional Since the innate fact reflect the vitality of our lives and activities automatically spontaneous, the emotional memory is also a spontaneous reaction, and feeling involuntary, and here's another form of highlights to remember is: remembering spontaneous: It automatically remember, easy does not bother it, the basis of which call memories in response to an adaptive mechanism for the conditions present, and these automatic adaptive response depending on the specific stimuli (psychological factors, social relations ...) and this remembrance spontaneous governed by the principle of the collapse of meanings, which means that phenomena or psychological conditions associated with each other and calling each other to come under certain conditions, , and similarities, and contrast ... individual memory and Society: The memory and whatever characterized by individual dye, to relate to the individual to feel privileged, it remains a strong link to social life from which it derives an individual existence and its relations , as materials and expertise to his memory, so were the features of individual memory does not specify only by the nature of the location in which the human takes in his community, and the community to which we belong is that preserve the past experiences, and provide us with the means to help us retrieve, and this confirms the "Halifax" when we remember The third party is the one who leads us to because his memory helps our memories, within the general framework of social memory, and language is the first frame and the most stable social memory, from here the individual within the group does not live your individual past, but live the collective past, religious such as observances, and national
Discussion: is that this is not meant to float individual memory in social memory bandwidth, because despite the fact that society may constitute a general framework for the formation of memories, there is a lot of individual memories own associated and our interests, and our desires, not income to the community there.
Interpretation emotional (spiritual) to remember: The interpretation of the nature of remembering the various functions when the owners of this trend, led by "Bergson" respond to emotional characteristics psychological, psychological process conscious strong feeling, it is the essence of my soul pure, enduring emotional, recorded everything that we have lived and passed us, and remains alive and preserved as images within oneself, and does not return to the arena feeling, but when needed, and a tool to link the past with the present and retrieval is the brain or nervous system. To illustrate this basis, and to respond at the same time the owners of the organic interpretation, distinguishes Bergson between two types of memory: memory kinetics: and be in the form of a mechanism linked to the body's habits, which include motor activities acquired repetitive, which is usually just a mechanism utilitarian only and do not reflect the fact remembering. Psychological unconscious memory: It is the mouthpiece of the fact that it includes memory for the past, respective faiths and re-revival at the same time, they are memory mental images associated with the permanence of feeling, and independent of the brain and the habit memory. Hence, the memory is unconscious property reflects the psychological images that live past and Tsthoudrhen and have the ability to revive it in the present
Discussion: is that the memory characteristics emotional link alone, is exaggerated, because the recovery of some memories need to be dynamic support, and to the status of a psychological, falling in the status of physical, as it is difficult to understand that memory a feeling myself sincere, used brain material as mechanisms for evoke memories, this should not overlap indicates what is organic is including myself, and that the separation between them is spiky
Remembering between knowledge and psychological balance
Act of remembering plays an important role in human life, whether of the cognitive or emotional, and individuals differ in their knowledge, balance different psychological ability to call their memories, but where is the psychological value to remember, you in the role of the mind or in the role of spontaneous emotions? Mental memory and remembering voluntary: mental memory is memory that kept meanings and ideas and evidence, judgments and perceptions, which reflect the total mental images and activities are stored, and have a crucial impact on the acquisition of science and knowledge and mental development and revitalization of capacity. Among the most prominent images of memory and mental: remembering voluntary: It is the finest and memory functions because it reminds organizer, is characterized by the intervention of the mind and the presence of consciousness, and its effectiveness in the past, representation, and Mracpthen and interpreted, and co-opting elements, and coordination, and this requires more effort, and meditation deeper and clearer understanding, requires the use of other functions, Kalzca, and imagination, perception, it is little basis to pick and choose and intent. Memory emotional and memory spontaneous: Memory emotional a memory associated with the ability to remember the circumstances of emotional earlier, and the accompanying sense of psychological impressions, and this memory is that revives emotions, awaken tendencies and renewed agitation, but its impact varies from one person to another, it has to be strong and clear, has be weak, according to the self, and the impact of the memory of the topics where, and also our emotional Since the innate fact reflect the vitality of our lives and activities automatically spontaneous, the emotional memory is also a spontaneous reaction, and feeling involuntary, and here's another form of highlights to remember is: remembering spontaneous: It automatically remember, easy does not bother it, the basis of which call memories in response to an adaptive mechanism for the conditions present, and these automatic adaptive response depending on the specific stimuli (psychological factors, social relations ...) and this remembrance spontaneous governed by the principle of the collapse of meanings, which means that phenomena or psychological conditions associated with each other and calling each other to come under certain conditions, , and similarities, and contrast ... individual memory and Society: The memory and whatever characterized by individual dye, to relate to the individual to feel privileged, it remains a strong link to social life from which it derives an individual existence and its relations , as materials and expertise to his memory, so were the features of individual memory does not specify only by the nature of the location in which the human takes in his community, and the community to which we belong is that preserve the past experiences, and provide us with the means to help us retrieve, and this confirms the "Halifax" when we remember The third party is the one who leads us to because his memory helps our memories, within the general framework of social memory, and language is the first frame and the most stable social memory, from here the individual within the group does not live your individual past, but live the collective past, religious such as observances, and national
Discussion: is that this is not meant to float individual memory in social memory bandwidth, because despite the fact that society may constitute a general framework for the formation of memories, there is a lot of individual memories own associated and our interests, and our desires, not income to the community there.
The
memory is not just a bowl of recording experience, but is a vital
function, reflects the individual presence in our sense of the
present and not in isolation from the outside world, and the
environment in which we live. Function between imagination and
creativity retrieval: the concept of imagination: imagination knows
that: ((intellect's ability to evoke images, after an absence of the
things that brought about, and installation of complex images
free)). He knew "Avicenna" fantasizing that: ((the
brain's ability to act in the photos formulators and Analysis)). He
said, "La land" fantasizing that: ((Queen installing
something does not actually do not exist)).Retrospective and
continuity in the imagination: feedback between imagination and
memory: in fact, the imagination and memory and two interdependent
and interrelated, and can not do without some of the imagination and
we practice did remember, and that dispense some of remembering and
we are going to imagine, but this does not mean that it does not no
functional difference between the two, setting aside their
involvement in dealing with data perceptual experience and the offer
of the facts, as well as their involvement in the use of retrieval
mechanism to deal with the elements of past experience, but the
imagination and memory, differ in that the recovery in the memory is
the call of past experience emotional and elements, in order
to adapt to current situations, which means that retrieval
familiar, and closed the case that only we knew. The recovery in
the imagination is call the advantage of being free can erase some of
the elements or add another, by assembling images or differentiate
between them property, and give it new jobs, which means that the
recovery in the imagination be open, and practitioners of change and
renewal, and get rid of the reality. Continuity between
imagination and perception: The collection of any subject or image,
must have been through the perception First, does not deal only with
their own perception, this was a perception confined in fact,
present, and realize the topics on the image on them, as they are
located, to know for what they are, and be judged. The
imagination setting aside its dependence on elements of reality, it
is more than that and it can be free of them, and the formation and
change images as self, and in new and creative images, beyond the
past and present, and go to the future, building and installation of
images and fake unmatched in fact, as is the case in literary
fiction and technocracy making liberal imagination of images
perception and control, and open to creativity and come up with
something new. But do you imagine the effectiveness of the whole
picture and one expressing creativity or is it different
forms
Secondly, the types of imagination to imagine two types :
Secondly, the types of imagination to imagine two types :
Visualisation
analog:
a retrieval of images of things which is printed in mind, after an
absence of the things that brought about, and he called the old comic
force, as they reflect back the last mental images brought to the
feeling, spontaneously, without identifying them, and without
specifying the time and place, and Visualization representative
in our lives because we we live in all our dealings and daily
spontaneously
Creative imagination: the process create the new images so that we are liberated from the past images, and putting together objects of were not there before, he imagine fertile and positive, characterized by effective, and the ability to innovate, and opening images unexpected instincts of fact, fiction painter who paints a fictional Photos he sees himself in the depths, or imagine the world we innovate new theory .From here we can say that the creative imagination is the capacity and effectiveness of the innovation, but every human being practiced according to his abilities, and his field who is in it, world and creativity, different from the artist's imagination, or writer, or engineer, or a philosopher ... All of this makes the creative imagination mainly for the manufacture of fact, expressed in creative ways reflects the cultural achievements in various fields, and highlights the impact of the self and the ability to change the reality and deal with the outside world
However, the activation of this creative imagination, stimulated associated conditions and limitations may bounce to psychological factors (mental and emotional), where he sees some scientists and philosophers, it is not possible to know the creative process only by reference to the life of the psychological creative self-factors of emotional and intellectual elements play a key role in the processCreativity. But there are philosophers and scientists from the seen to objective factors are a factor and a motivation for creativity, as the creator is the son of his environment in which they live, and then is a product of the circumstances surrounding it on the one hand, and the community needs on the other. How do we explain the relative work remembering and imagination? The identification of memory and imagination mentality graduate, and understand the image positive for them, both in the construction of memories past and re inadvertently adapt or in creating images by imagination, but on the other hand, are subject to many factors and influences that make their work is a relative and approximate It is hard to trust , unable to keep all minutes and details of past experience and forget parts of it, and a lot of remain susceptible to transformation and change, and to experience delusions, which clearly shows the limitations and relative in their work, how can we explain this? Memory incomplete building of the past
Memory present incidents the past, can not as it is, because it is affected by the circumstances which takes place on the one hand, as influenced by the nature of cognition that has been done recording the past incidents on the other hand, to the extent that it leads to the expression of the past are incomplete or distorted, According to trends and current concerns which included the self, and this is what is indicated by the intensity of the different people when they are asked to testify about a particular incident they had witnessed, especially in the details, and this is what appears unfinished work of memory from the past, and the deficit and shortcomings in her job, How do we explain why that? The explanation is given
Creative imagination: the process create the new images so that we are liberated from the past images, and putting together objects of were not there before, he imagine fertile and positive, characterized by effective, and the ability to innovate, and opening images unexpected instincts of fact, fiction painter who paints a fictional Photos he sees himself in the depths, or imagine the world we innovate new theory .From here we can say that the creative imagination is the capacity and effectiveness of the innovation, but every human being practiced according to his abilities, and his field who is in it, world and creativity, different from the artist's imagination, or writer, or engineer, or a philosopher ... All of this makes the creative imagination mainly for the manufacture of fact, expressed in creative ways reflects the cultural achievements in various fields, and highlights the impact of the self and the ability to change the reality and deal with the outside world
However, the activation of this creative imagination, stimulated associated conditions and limitations may bounce to psychological factors (mental and emotional), where he sees some scientists and philosophers, it is not possible to know the creative process only by reference to the life of the psychological creative self-factors of emotional and intellectual elements play a key role in the processCreativity. But there are philosophers and scientists from the seen to objective factors are a factor and a motivation for creativity, as the creator is the son of his environment in which they live, and then is a product of the circumstances surrounding it on the one hand, and the community needs on the other. How do we explain the relative work remembering and imagination? The identification of memory and imagination mentality graduate, and understand the image positive for them, both in the construction of memories past and re inadvertently adapt or in creating images by imagination, but on the other hand, are subject to many factors and influences that make their work is a relative and approximate It is hard to trust , unable to keep all minutes and details of past experience and forget parts of it, and a lot of remain susceptible to transformation and change, and to experience delusions, which clearly shows the limitations and relative in their work, how can we explain this? Memory incomplete building of the past
Memory present incidents the past, can not as it is, because it is affected by the circumstances which takes place on the one hand, as influenced by the nature of cognition that has been done recording the past incidents on the other hand, to the extent that it leads to the expression of the past are incomplete or distorted, According to trends and current concerns which included the self, and this is what is indicated by the intensity of the different people when they are asked to testify about a particular incident they had witnessed, especially in the details, and this is what appears unfinished work of memory from the past, and the deficit and shortcomings in her job, How do we explain why that? The explanation is given
to
two reasons or two main phenomena
oblivion
mechanism: Oblivion psychological phenomenon linked to memory, but
on the job, for this we find the common meaning is that Oblivion:
((is the negative side of the recall)), which means that Oblivion
((is the temporary loss or end of what you saved the memory of
experiences and different skills )). Valenciennes this
sense factor for demolition, and the destruction of memory materials
and dissolution and offset, and Admhlala of the past, and the
inability invoked, and that means talking to oblivion express their
failures, and that it is a negative character as General believes
people, even forgettable face another loaded with positive meanings,
which are not offensive to the memory, but it becomes forgetful
of the terms of their safety and survival and renewal, and some sort
of discharge Allarade events secondary and details, to give
flexibility to the memory of attention most importantly and adapt to
the present, as it is a way of compassion among individuals, erase
the effects of hatred and pain and grudges ... which means that the
forgotten face positive and the condition of the psychological
balance conditions and a means to adjust and adapt. On this,
Valenciennes phenomenon inherent to human life, but the two groups:
normal forget
It is normal to forget, haunted by all people, such as a lack install something, or lack of interest, or as a result of overlapping of different subjects ... forget about abnormal (pathological forget) needs to be addressed, and the search for the real causes and this is clearly reflected in the disease memory. 2 memory diseases: The memory become threatening illness personal balance and unity, and the most famous of these diseases: difficulty remembering arises from the inability to install memories as a result of a disease that affects the nervous system temporarily be patient sometimes like severe fever, or semi-permanent, as in the symptoms of aging
Amnesia: The mean decay of memories and the inability to evocation and retrieval, and the loss may be temporarily any specific period of time or for some types of memories such as names, places and professions, as the deficit may be the year for all the memories. Deviation of memory: a false memory disease caused by the corruption of gratitude, where the patient presents constantly wrong expertise and distorted, he did not know it as well
Hypermnesia: a stronger call Memories their parts and details of the near and distant past, a disease of memory, especially when inflation is common in the elderly.Visualization of a dream to have the illusion fret imagine its owner, and deflects it to the world of illusions and false loses his grip on reality spontaneously involuntarily, and forms and photos of this negative imagination
Vigilance: a condition in which human armchair total of pictures that imagined in their wake, arising from a lack of attention, distracted, forgetting its present owner, because it replaces the truth and reality and fiction dreams
Delusion and hallucinations: two expressions of mental and neurological disorders resulting from excessive imagination, and the loss of the owner's ability to control the mental image. And the resulting imbalances. The illusion arises in reality all represent or sensory portray a false output on how to interpret the perceptions and, if intensified its impact on self-esteem and was dominated by the shift to the neurological disease, and hallucination Imagine owner Photos thinking that external facts, though they do not exist in reality completely, and more sensory hallucination hearing and sight
Conclusion The talk about fantasy requires inevitably
It is normal to forget, haunted by all people, such as a lack install something, or lack of interest, or as a result of overlapping of different subjects ... forget about abnormal (pathological forget) needs to be addressed, and the search for the real causes and this is clearly reflected in the disease memory. 2 memory diseases: The memory become threatening illness personal balance and unity, and the most famous of these diseases: difficulty remembering arises from the inability to install memories as a result of a disease that affects the nervous system temporarily be patient sometimes like severe fever, or semi-permanent, as in the symptoms of aging
Amnesia: The mean decay of memories and the inability to evocation and retrieval, and the loss may be temporarily any specific period of time or for some types of memories such as names, places and professions, as the deficit may be the year for all the memories. Deviation of memory: a false memory disease caused by the corruption of gratitude, where the patient presents constantly wrong expertise and distorted, he did not know it as well
Hypermnesia: a stronger call Memories their parts and details of the near and distant past, a disease of memory, especially when inflation is common in the elderly.Visualization of a dream to have the illusion fret imagine its owner, and deflects it to the world of illusions and false loses his grip on reality spontaneously involuntarily, and forms and photos of this negative imagination
Vigilance: a condition in which human armchair total of pictures that imagined in their wake, arising from a lack of attention, distracted, forgetting its present owner, because it replaces the truth and reality and fiction dreams
Delusion and hallucinations: two expressions of mental and neurological disorders resulting from excessive imagination, and the loss of the owner's ability to control the mental image. And the resulting imbalances. The illusion arises in reality all represent or sensory portray a false output on how to interpret the perceptions and, if intensified its impact on self-esteem and was dominated by the shift to the neurological disease, and hallucination Imagine owner Photos thinking that external facts, though they do not exist in reality completely, and more sensory hallucination hearing and sight
Conclusion The talk about fantasy requires inevitably
talk
about the memory problem, since it is difficult to conceive of
psychological life is limited to the absolute present, to realize any
mathematical point separates the past from the
imagination. And
to the outside world and know it constitute
a
unified whole, there is no point actually differentiate between
memory and imagination, and that is what we call pure memory or
imagination abstract does not exist, and that the memory source to
the imagination automatically as far as form is the starting point to
him as an act resulting from mental activity partially or
college, they are then in a dialectical relationship interacting
constantly
Friday, April 17, 2015
article about memory 2015
Argumentative
essay about
Memory
Question
If
you are in front of two opposite positions, one
memory
says the brain associated with memory and the other says the basis of
myself and asked you chapter
and
the search for a solution what
?should
she do
Handles human interacts with the outside world, including the material things and the people who form the social environment, is reflected in the behaviors have some outwardly and the other mystical and is in the psychological life and that of its components << memory >> If we were in front of two opposite positions, one stating that the memory spring from the brain and the other linked to psychological factors or question is the basis of the same physical memory
? Showing the first thesis
Linked to the physical theory of memory and brain are in their biological phenomenon, ie the basis of saving and retrieving memories "physiological" and this is the view of Ribot, who said >> biological incident memory in essence << where the origin of memory is nervous phrase and select 600 million neurons in view is responsible for the conservation and remembering, or by virtue of the flexibility that characterize, Vmthelha reserves the wax material including printed on them, as well as nerve cells retain the names, photos, places and arguments that contradict this thesis >> << Broca experiments which proved that the brain injury hemorrhage leads to an imbalance in memory, such as the girl who was hit by a bullet in the left wall of her brain became not remember not recognize the things that are placed in her left hand after blindfolded her eyes, as this thesis linked philosopher Ibn Sina, who said last >> memory replaced by the cavity of the brain >>, << The same explanation is found in the modern era when the French philosopher Descartes, who attributed the memory to the body and this is clear in saying "memory lies in the folds of the body
This thesis removed from memory "emotional side" and when a person
Handles human interacts with the outside world, including the material things and the people who form the social environment, is reflected in the behaviors have some outwardly and the other mystical and is in the psychological life and that of its components << memory >> If we were in front of two opposite positions, one stating that the memory spring from the brain and the other linked to psychological factors or question is the basis of the same physical memory
? Showing the first thesis
Linked to the physical theory of memory and brain are in their biological phenomenon, ie the basis of saving and retrieving memories "physiological" and this is the view of Ribot, who said >> biological incident memory in essence << where the origin of memory is nervous phrase and select 600 million neurons in view is responsible for the conservation and remembering, or by virtue of the flexibility that characterize, Vmthelha reserves the wax material including printed on them, as well as nerve cells retain the names, photos, places and arguments that contradict this thesis >> << Broca experiments which proved that the brain injury hemorrhage leads to an imbalance in memory, such as the girl who was hit by a bullet in the left wall of her brain became not remember not recognize the things that are placed in her left hand after blindfolded her eyes, as this thesis linked philosopher Ibn Sina, who said last >> memory replaced by the cavity of the brain >>, << The same explanation is found in the modern era when the French philosopher Descartes, who attributed the memory to the body and this is clear in saying "memory lies in the folds of the body
This thesis removed from memory "emotional side" and when a person
remembers
it retrieves the past, including the feelings and emotions
Showing the second thesis
Owners theoretical psychological believes that the memory trace feeling that connects the present to the past and Berhanhm in that memories is, which is
moral, not of physical nature of this thesis dating back to the
French "Bergson," which the Department of memory into two
parts: " dynamic memory "dubbed the term usually"
Although psychological theory to justify how to retrieve the memories they were unable to
To identify where there are memories
Memory outcome of the interaction of physical factors, psychological and social, the latter contributing to the recovery of memories as he said, "Hal Fax" When I remember the third party are the ones who Adfonni to remember, "but only if the integrity of the nervous system> brain>, doctors impossibility of retrieving memories were confirmed without brain intervention and without neglecting the psychological factors that compromise has its focus "countries Croix" in saying .memory activity by thought and practiced by the perso n
Conclusion
Memory is the ability of shows on the conservation and recovery, but the problem is not linked to the concept of memory, but basically that builds on it, there are those linked to psychological terms and as a way out of the problem we conclude that The outcome of the interaction of physical, social and psychological
Showing the second thesis
Owners theoretical psychological believes that the memory trace feeling that connects the present to the past and Berhanhm in that memories is
Although psychological theory to justify how to retrieve the memories they were unable to
To identify where there are memories
Memory outcome of the interaction of physical factors, psychological and social, the latter contributing to the recovery of memories as he said, "Hal Fax" When I remember the third party are the ones who Adfonni to remember, "but only if the integrity of the nervous system> brain>, doctors impossibility of retrieving memories were confirmed without brain intervention and without neglecting the psychological factors that compromise has its focus "countries Croix" in saying .memory activity by thought and practiced by the perso
Conclusion
Memory is the ability of shows on the conservation and recovery, but the problem is not linked to the concept of memory, but basically that builds on it, there are those linked to psychological terms and as a way out of the problem we conclude that The outcome of the interaction of physical, social and psychological
. factors of memory
Wednesday, April 15, 2015
Hair loss treatment 2015
What are the best ways to
? treat hair loss
There are millions of people around the world are infected with hair loss
This includes both sexes men and even women
The sad thing is that the majority of people do not know how to behave
To prevent it ? If what is the solution
Most of them go to the nearest medical clinic and they buy any product that has the bestDeclarations casing. They do not carry the search or to ask about it, they want immediate solutions and quick to get rid of the problemDid you try something before without reading the
? instructions and how to use
. Therefore, you are obligated to do some research to figure out the basics of what works and what does not fitThere are plenty of solutions that you can try it if you are experiencing baldness or hair lossOne solution is to resist the hormone DHT (dihydrotestosterone), and is the hormoneAssociated with hair loss and hair loss in males. He holds Bbesalat
Your hair completely unspoiledAnother solution is to do a job and a healthy dietHealthy eating is the solution for any disease. It helps in maintaining healthy hairBad eating habits are one of the causes of hair loss and slow down hair growth process
Eat vegetables and fruit in addition to drink water frequently Hair supplements are a great way to enhance the natural growth of hair and hair loss resistanceAnd loss. You can now find products on the market
Natural and healthy for your bodyThere are a lot of ways and treatments can be used to treat lossHair and re-growth of new natural wayOne of these reasons, the treatment is to not give up. If you want to solve your problemYou must find the right treatment for you and to continue itDo not change from product to product and from one medication to another. All you have to doIs to find some treatments ..Natural and develop an action
Your hair completely unspoiledAnother solution is to do a job and a healthy dietHealthy eating is the solution for any disease. It helps in maintaining healthy hairBad eating habits are one of the causes of hair loss and slow down hair growth process
Eat vegetables and fruit in addition to drink water frequently Hair supplements are a great way to enhance the natural growth of hair and hair loss resistanceAnd loss. You can now find products on the market
Natural and healthy for your bodyThere are a lot of ways and treatments can be used to treat lossHair and re-growth of new natural wayOne of these reasons, the treatment is to not give up. If you want to solve your problemYou must find the right treatment for you and to continue itDo not change from product to product and from one medication to another. All you have to doIs to find some treatments ..Natural and develop an action
plan and continue them
Monday, April 13, 2015
مقالة جدلية حول الإدراك
السؤال :
هل الإدراك محصلة
لنشاط الذات أو تصور لنظام الأشياء ؟؟
الطريقة :
جدلية
المقدمــــــة :
المقدمــــــة :
يعتبر الإدراك من
العمليات العقلية التي يقوم بها الانسان
لفهم وتفسير وتأويل الاحساسات بإعطائها
معنى مستمد من تجاربنا وخبراتنا السابقة
.
وقد وقع
اختلاف حول طبيعة الادراك ؛ بين النزعة
العقلية الكلاسيكية التي تزعم ان عملية
الادراك مجرد نشاط ذاتي ، والنظرية
الجشطالتية التي تؤكد على صورة او بنية
الموضوع المدرك في هذه العملية ، الامر
الذي يدفعنا الى طرح التساؤل التالي :
هل يعود
الادراك الى فاعلية الذات المٌدرِكة أم
الى طبيعة الموضوع المدرَك ؟
محاولة حل المشكلة : عرض الاطروحة الأولى : يرى انصار النزعة العقلية أمثال الفرنسيان ديكارت و آلان و الفيلسوف الارلندي باركلي والالماني كانط ، ان الادراك عملية عقلية ذاتية لا دخل للموضوع المدرك فيها ، حيث ان ادراك الشيئ ذي ابعاد يتم بواسطة احكام عقلية نصدرها عند تفسير المعطيات الحسية ، لذلك فالادراك نشاط عقلي تساهم فيه عمليات ووظائق عقلية عليا من تذكر وتخيل وذكاء وذاكرة وكذا دور الخبرة السابقة ... ومعنى هذا ان انصار النظرية العقلية يميزون تمييزا قاطعا بين الاحساس و
محاولة حل المشكلة : عرض الاطروحة الأولى : يرى انصار النزعة العقلية أمثال الفرنسيان ديكارت و آلان و الفيلسوف الارلندي باركلي والالماني كانط ، ان الادراك عملية عقلية ذاتية لا دخل للموضوع المدرك فيها ، حيث ان ادراك الشيئ ذي ابعاد يتم بواسطة احكام عقلية نصدرها عند تفسير المعطيات الحسية ، لذلك فالادراك نشاط عقلي تساهم فيه عمليات ووظائق عقلية عليا من تذكر وتخيل وذكاء وذاكرة وكذا دور الخبرة السابقة ... ومعنى هذا ان انصار النظرية العقلية يميزون تمييزا قاطعا بين الاحساس و
الادراك .
الحجة : ويؤكد ذلك ، ما ذهب اليه ( آلان ) في ادراك المكعب ، فنحن عندما نرى الشكل نحكم عليه مباشرة بأنه مكعب ، بالرغم اننا لا نرى الا ثلاثة أوجه وتسعة اضلاع ، في حين ان للمكعب ستة وجوه و اثنى عشرة ضلعا ، لأننا نعلم عن طريق الخبرة السابقة أننا اذا أدرنــا المكعب فسنرى الاوجه والاضلاع التي لا نراه الآن ، ونحكم الآن بوجودها ، لذلك فإدراك المكعب لا يخضع لمعطيات الحواس ، بل لنشاط الذهن واحكامه ، ولولا هذا الحكم العقلي لا يمكننا الوصول الى معرفة المكعب من مجرد الاحساس .ويؤكد ( باركلي ) ، أن الاكمه ( الاعمى ) اذا استعاد بصره بعد عملية جراحية فستبدو له الاشياء لاصقة بعينيه ويخطئ في تقدير المسافات والابعاد ، لأنه ليس لديه فكرة ذهنية او خبرة مسبقة بالمسافات والابعاد . وبعد عشرين (20) سنة أكدت اعمال الجرّاح الانجليزي ( شزلندن ) ذلك .وحالة الاكمه تماثل حالة الصبي في مرحلة اللاتمايز ، فلا يميز بين يديه والعالم الخارجي ، ويمد يديه لتناول الاشياء البعيدة ، لأنه يخطئ – ايضا – في تقدير المسافات لانعدام الخبرة السابقة لديه .اما ( كانط ) فيؤكد ان العين لا تنقل نتيجة الاحساس الا بعدين من الابعاد هما الطول والعرض عند رؤية صورة او منظر مثلا ، ورغم ذلك ندرك بعدا ثالثا وهو العمق ادراكا عقليا ، فالعمق كبعد ليس معطى حسي بل حكم عقلي .هذا ، وتؤكد الملاحظة البسيطة والتجربة الخاصة ، اننا نحكم على الاشياء على حقيقتها وليس حسب ما تنقله لنا الحواس ، فندرك مثلا العصا في بركة ماء مستقيمة رغم ان الاحساس البصري ينقلها لنا منكسرة ، و يٌبدي لنا الاحساس الشمس وكانها كرة صغيرة و نحكم عليها – برغم ذلك – انها اكبر من الارض .كما تتدخل في عملية الادراك جملة من العوامل المتعلقة بالذات المٌدرِكة ؛ منها عمل التوقع ، حيث ندرك الموضوعات كما نتوقع ان تكون وحينما يغيب هذا العامل يصعب علينا ادراك الموضوع ، فقد يحدث مثلا ان نرى انسانا نعرفه لكننا لا ندركه بسهولة ، لأننا لم نتوقع الالتقاء به . وللاهتمام والرغبة والميل دروا هاما في الادراك ، فالموضوعات التي نهتم بها ونرغب فيها و نميل اليها يسهل علينا ادراكها اكثر من تلك البعيدة عن اهتماماتنا ورغباتنا وميولاتنا . كما ان للتعود دورا لا يقل عن دور العوامل السابقة ، فالعربي مثلا في الغالب يدرك الاشياء من اليمين الى اليسار لتعوده على الكتابة بهذا الشكل ولتعوده على البدء دائما من اليمين ، بعكس الاوربي الذي يدرك من اليسار الى اليمين . ثم انه لا يمكن تجاهل عاملي السن والمستوى الثقافي والتعليمي ، فإدراك الراشد للاشياء يختلف عن ادراك الصبي لها ، وادراك المتعلم او المثقف يختلف بطبيعة الحال عن ادراك الجاهل . وفي الاخير يتأثر الادراك بالحالة النفسية الدائمة او المؤقتة ، فإدراك الشخص المتفاءل لموضوع ما يختلف عن ادراك المتشاءم له .
النقد : ولكن انصار هذه النظرية يميزون ويفصلون بين الادراك والاحساس ، والحقيقة ان الادراك كنشاط عقلي يتعذر دون الاحساس بالموضوع اولا . كما انهم يؤكدون على دور الذات في عملية الادراك ويتجاهلون تجاهلا كليا اهمية العوامل الموضوعية ، وكأن العالم الخارجي فوضى والذات هي التي تقوم بتنظيمه .
الحجة : ويؤكد ذلك ، ما ذهب اليه ( آلان ) في ادراك المكعب ، فنحن عندما نرى الشكل نحكم عليه مباشرة بأنه مكعب ، بالرغم اننا لا نرى الا ثلاثة أوجه وتسعة اضلاع ، في حين ان للمكعب ستة وجوه و اثنى عشرة ضلعا ، لأننا نعلم عن طريق الخبرة السابقة أننا اذا أدرنــا المكعب فسنرى الاوجه والاضلاع التي لا نراه الآن ، ونحكم الآن بوجودها ، لذلك فإدراك المكعب لا يخضع لمعطيات الحواس ، بل لنشاط الذهن واحكامه ، ولولا هذا الحكم العقلي لا يمكننا الوصول الى معرفة المكعب من مجرد الاحساس .ويؤكد ( باركلي ) ، أن الاكمه ( الاعمى ) اذا استعاد بصره بعد عملية جراحية فستبدو له الاشياء لاصقة بعينيه ويخطئ في تقدير المسافات والابعاد ، لأنه ليس لديه فكرة ذهنية او خبرة مسبقة بالمسافات والابعاد . وبعد عشرين (20) سنة أكدت اعمال الجرّاح الانجليزي ( شزلندن ) ذلك .وحالة الاكمه تماثل حالة الصبي في مرحلة اللاتمايز ، فلا يميز بين يديه والعالم الخارجي ، ويمد يديه لتناول الاشياء البعيدة ، لأنه يخطئ – ايضا – في تقدير المسافات لانعدام الخبرة السابقة لديه .اما ( كانط ) فيؤكد ان العين لا تنقل نتيجة الاحساس الا بعدين من الابعاد هما الطول والعرض عند رؤية صورة او منظر مثلا ، ورغم ذلك ندرك بعدا ثالثا وهو العمق ادراكا عقليا ، فالعمق كبعد ليس معطى حسي بل حكم عقلي .هذا ، وتؤكد الملاحظة البسيطة والتجربة الخاصة ، اننا نحكم على الاشياء على حقيقتها وليس حسب ما تنقله لنا الحواس ، فندرك مثلا العصا في بركة ماء مستقيمة رغم ان الاحساس البصري ينقلها لنا منكسرة ، و يٌبدي لنا الاحساس الشمس وكانها كرة صغيرة و نحكم عليها – برغم ذلك – انها اكبر من الارض .كما تتدخل في عملية الادراك جملة من العوامل المتعلقة بالذات المٌدرِكة ؛ منها عمل التوقع ، حيث ندرك الموضوعات كما نتوقع ان تكون وحينما يغيب هذا العامل يصعب علينا ادراك الموضوع ، فقد يحدث مثلا ان نرى انسانا نعرفه لكننا لا ندركه بسهولة ، لأننا لم نتوقع الالتقاء به . وللاهتمام والرغبة والميل دروا هاما في الادراك ، فالموضوعات التي نهتم بها ونرغب فيها و نميل اليها يسهل علينا ادراكها اكثر من تلك البعيدة عن اهتماماتنا ورغباتنا وميولاتنا . كما ان للتعود دورا لا يقل عن دور العوامل السابقة ، فالعربي مثلا في الغالب يدرك الاشياء من اليمين الى اليسار لتعوده على الكتابة بهذا الشكل ولتعوده على البدء دائما من اليمين ، بعكس الاوربي الذي يدرك من اليسار الى اليمين . ثم انه لا يمكن تجاهل عاملي السن والمستوى الثقافي والتعليمي ، فإدراك الراشد للاشياء يختلف عن ادراك الصبي لها ، وادراك المتعلم او المثقف يختلف بطبيعة الحال عن ادراك الجاهل . وفي الاخير يتأثر الادراك بالحالة النفسية الدائمة او المؤقتة ، فإدراك الشخص المتفاءل لموضوع ما يختلف عن ادراك المتشاءم له .
النقد : ولكن انصار هذه النظرية يميزون ويفصلون بين الادراك والاحساس ، والحقيقة ان الادراك كنشاط عقلي يتعذر دون الاحساس بالموضوع اولا . كما انهم يؤكدون على دور الذات في عملية الادراك ويتجاهلون تجاهلا كليا اهمية العوامل الموضوعية ، وكأن العالم الخارجي فوضى والذات هي التي تقوم بتنظيمه .
عرض
نقيض الاطروحة :
وخلافا لما
سبق ، يرى انصار علم النفس الجشطالتي من
بينهم الالمانيان كوفكا وكوهلر والفرنسي
بول غيوم ، أن ان ادراك الاشياء عملية
موضوعية وليس وليد احكام عقلية تصدرها
الذات ، كما انه ليس مجوعة من الاحساسات
، فالعالم الخارجي منظم وفق عوامل موضوعية
وقوانين معينة هي "
قوانين
الانتظام "
. ومعنى ذلك
ان الجشطالت يعطون الاولوية للعوامل
الموضوعية في الادراك ولا فرق عندهم بين
الاحساس والادراك .
الحجة
: وما
يثبت ذلك ، ان الادراك عند الجميع يمر
بمراحل ثلاث :
ادراك اجمالي
، ادراك تحليلي للعناصر الجزئية وادراك
تركيبي حيث يتم تجميع الاجزاء في وحدة
منتظمة .وفي
هذه العملية ، ندرك الشكل بأكمله ولا ندرك
عناصره الجزئية ، فاذا شاهدنا مثلا الامطار
تسقط ، فنحن في هذه المشاهدة لا نجمع
بذهننا الحركات الجزئية للقطرات الصغيرة
التي تتألف منها الحركة الكلية ، بل ان
الحركة الكلية هي التي تفرض نفسها علينا
.كما
ان كل صيغة مدركة تمثل شكلا على ارضية ،
فالنجوم مثلا تدرك على ارضية هي السماء
، و يتميز الشكل في الغالب بانه اكثر بروزا
ويجذب اليه الانتباه ، أما الارضية فهي
اقل ظهورا منه ، واحيانا تتساوى قوة الشكل
مع قوة الارضية دون تدخل الذات التي تبقى
تتأرجح بين الصورتين .
ثم إن الادراك تتحكم فيه جملة من العوامل الموضوعية التي لا علاقة للذات بها ، حيث اننا ندرك الموضوعات المتشابهة في اللون او الشكل او الحجم ، لانها تشكل في مجموعها " كلا " موحدا ، من ذلك مثلا انه يسهل علينا ادراك مجموعة من الجنود او رجال الشرطة لتشابه الـزي ، اكثر من مجموعة من الرجال في السوق او الملعب .
وايضا يسهل علينا ادراك الموضوعات المتقارية في الزمان والمكان اكثر من الموضوعات المتباعدة ، حيث ان الموضوعات المتقاربة تميل الى تجمع بأذهاننا ، فالتلميذ مثلا يسهل عليه فهم وادراك درس ما اذا كانت عناصره متقاربة في الزمان ، ويحدث العكس اذا ما تباعدت .
و اخيرا ، ندرك الموضوعات وفق صيغتها الفضلى ، فندرك الموضوعات الناقصة كاملة مع نها ناقصة ، فندرك مثلا الخط المنحني غير المغلق دائرة ، وندرك الشكل الذي لا يتقاطع فيه ضلعان مثلثا بالرغم انهما ناقصان . ويتساوى في ذلك الجميع ، مما يعني ان الموضوعات المدرَكة هي التي تفرض نفسها على الذات المٌدرِكة
النقد : ولكن الالحاح على اهمية العوامل الموضوعية في الادراك واهمال العوامل الذاتية لاسيما دور العقل ، يجعل من الشخص المدرك آلة تصوير او مجرد جهاز استقبال فقط مادامت الموضوعات هي التي تفرض نفسها عليه سواء اراد ذلك او لم يرد ، مما يجعل منه في النهاية مجرد متلقي سلبي منفعل لا فاعل . التركيب : ان الادراك من الوظائف الشديدة التعقيد ، وهو العملية التي تساهم فيها جملة من العوامل بعضها يعود الى نشاط الذات وبعضها الآخر الى بنية الموضوع ، على اعتبار ان هناك تفاعل حيوي بين الذات والموضوع ، فكل ادراك هو ادراك لموضوع ، على ان يكون لهذا الموضوع خصائص تساعد على ادراكه .
حل المشكلة : وهكذا يتضح ان الادراك لا يعود الى فاعلية الذات فقط او الى بنية الموضوع فحسبب ، من حيث انه لا وجود لادراك بدون موضوع ندركه ، على يكون هذا الموضوع منظم وفق عوامل معينة تسهل من عملية ادراكه وفهمه . لذلك يمكننا القول ان الادراك يعود الى تظافر جملة من العوامل سواء صدرت هذه العوامل عن الذات او عن الموضوع
ثم إن الادراك تتحكم فيه جملة من العوامل الموضوعية التي لا علاقة للذات بها ، حيث اننا ندرك الموضوعات المتشابهة في اللون او الشكل او الحجم ، لانها تشكل في مجموعها " كلا " موحدا ، من ذلك مثلا انه يسهل علينا ادراك مجموعة من الجنود او رجال الشرطة لتشابه الـزي ، اكثر من مجموعة من الرجال في السوق او الملعب .
وايضا يسهل علينا ادراك الموضوعات المتقارية في الزمان والمكان اكثر من الموضوعات المتباعدة ، حيث ان الموضوعات المتقاربة تميل الى تجمع بأذهاننا ، فالتلميذ مثلا يسهل عليه فهم وادراك درس ما اذا كانت عناصره متقاربة في الزمان ، ويحدث العكس اذا ما تباعدت .
و اخيرا ، ندرك الموضوعات وفق صيغتها الفضلى ، فندرك الموضوعات الناقصة كاملة مع نها ناقصة ، فندرك مثلا الخط المنحني غير المغلق دائرة ، وندرك الشكل الذي لا يتقاطع فيه ضلعان مثلثا بالرغم انهما ناقصان . ويتساوى في ذلك الجميع ، مما يعني ان الموضوعات المدرَكة هي التي تفرض نفسها على الذات المٌدرِكة
النقد : ولكن الالحاح على اهمية العوامل الموضوعية في الادراك واهمال العوامل الذاتية لاسيما دور العقل ، يجعل من الشخص المدرك آلة تصوير او مجرد جهاز استقبال فقط مادامت الموضوعات هي التي تفرض نفسها عليه سواء اراد ذلك او لم يرد ، مما يجعل منه في النهاية مجرد متلقي سلبي منفعل لا فاعل . التركيب : ان الادراك من الوظائف الشديدة التعقيد ، وهو العملية التي تساهم فيها جملة من العوامل بعضها يعود الى نشاط الذات وبعضها الآخر الى بنية الموضوع ، على اعتبار ان هناك تفاعل حيوي بين الذات والموضوع ، فكل ادراك هو ادراك لموضوع ، على ان يكون لهذا الموضوع خصائص تساعد على ادراكه .
حل المشكلة : وهكذا يتضح ان الادراك لا يعود الى فاعلية الذات فقط او الى بنية الموضوع فحسبب ، من حيث انه لا وجود لادراك بدون موضوع ندركه ، على يكون هذا الموضوع منظم وفق عوامل معينة تسهل من عملية ادراكه وفهمه . لذلك يمكننا القول ان الادراك يعود الى تظافر جملة من العوامل سواء صدرت هذه العوامل عن الذات او عن الموضوع
Thursday, March 26, 2015
المنهج التجريبي على الظواهر الإنسانية
إشكالية
تطبيق المنهج التجريبي على الظواهر
الإنسانية.
هل
تصلح الحوادث التاريخية أن تكون بحثا
علميا؟-هل
يمكن دراسة الحوادث التاريخية بعيدا عن
المعرفة العلمية؟-هل
يمكن أن تكون الأحداث التاريخية موضوعا
للمعرفة العلمية؟-هل
يستطيع المؤرخ أن يتجاوز العوائق التي
تمنعه لتحقيق الموضوعية؟-يقال{إن
للموضوعية في التاريخ حدود لأن المؤرخ
يعيش التاريخ}
ما
رأيك؟-إذا
كانت للموضوعية في التاريخ حدود فهل يمكن
أن يتحول التاريخ إلى علم؟-
المقدمة:
تنطلق
الدراسات العلمية على اختلاف مضمونها
ومنهجها من مرحلة البحث حيث تحرك العلماء
أسئلة وإشكالات محيّرة تقودهم إلى مرحلة
الكشف من خلال ملاحظات وفرضيات والتي
تنقلب بـالبرهنة إلى قوانين علمية برهانية
فإذا علمنا أنّ الموضوعية شرط قيام العلم
وأن التاريخ يدرس الحوادث الإنسانية التي
ترتبط بالزمن الماضي فالمشكلة المطروحة:هل
تصلح أن تكون الحوادث التاريخية موضوعا
لمعرفة علمية؟/
الرأي
الأول(الأطروحة):
ترى
هذه الأطروحة "الموقف
المعارض لعلم التاريخ"
أن
الأحداث التاريخية لا تصلح أن تكون موضوعا
لمعرفة علمية لأن دراسة التاريخ دراسة
موضوعية مسألة متعذرة بحكم وجود عوائق
موضوعية وذاتية أهمها غياب أهمها غياب
الموضوعية والتي يتجلى في تدخل الأفكار
المسبقة وأحكام القيم هذا ما عبر عنه"جون
ديوي"
قائلا
{تناول
الباحثين للمشكلات الإنسانية من ناحية
الاستهجان والاستحسان الخلقيين ومن ناحية
الخبث والطهر عقبة في طريق الدراسات
التاريخية}
كما
يتدخل الطابع الشخصي للمؤرخ ويظهر ذلك
في طريقة فهمه لتاريخ وأسلوب عرضه ومن
أمثلة ذلك أن علماء الدراسات التاريخية
في القرن الـ19
في
بريطانيا كانت متأثرا بالنزعة الرأسمالية
ومع ظهور الماركسية ظهر ما يسمى التعبير
المادي للتاريخ ومن العوائق التي تقف
أمام الدراسات التاريخية (غياب
الملاحظة)
لأن
الحادثة التاريخية فريدة من نوعها تحدث
مرة واحدة ولا تتكرر وهذا ما عبّر عنه
"عبد
الرحمن الصغير"
قائلا
{النظرية
العلمية تشترط ملاحظة الوقائع من أجل
اكتشاف القوانين فالحادث البيولوجي يمكن
ملاحظته أما الحادث التاريخي فلا يمكن
بلوغه}
وفي
التاريخ لا وجود للسببية والحتمية كل هذه
العوائق تقف في وجه ارتقاء التاريخ إلى
مرتبة الدراسات العلمية.نقد:
هذه
الأطروحة تتجاهل أن التاريخ له منهجه
الخاص به الذي يتوافق مع طبيعة حوادثه./الرأي
الثاني(نقيض
الأطروحة):
ترى
هذه الأطروحة أن الحوادث التاريخية تصلح
أن تكون موضوع معرفة علمية موضوعية وأن
المنهج التاريخي هو المنهج الاستقرائي
الواقعي منهج تتوفر فيه خصائص الروح
العلمية وكذا الملاحظة والفرضية والتجربة
وهذا ما أكّد عليه "محمود
قاسم"
في
كتابه [المنطق
الحديث ومناهج البحث]
قائلا
{لقد
ضاقت المسافة التي كانت تفصل التاريخ عن
العلوم التجريبية فقد طبق المؤرخون أساليب
التفكير الاستقرائي على بحوثهم}
والمنهج
التاريخي يعتمد على خطوات أساسية وهي
أربعة [جمع
المصادر والوثائق]
سواء
المقصودة بالتاريخ أو غير المقصودة وهي
ضرورية قال عنها "سنيويوس"
{لا
وجود لتاريخ دون وثائق وكل عصر ضاعت وثائقه
يضل مجهولا إلى الأبد}
وبعد
جمعها تأتي مرحلة[التحليل
والنقد]
وهنا
يستعين علماء التاريخ بـالتحليل الكيميائي
ومثل ذلك استعمال كربون 14
للتأكد
من العمر الزمني وكذا النقد الداخلي
للوثيقة الذي ينصب على المضمون وشرط النقد
الموضوعية قال "ابن
خلدون"
{النفس
إذا كانت على حالة من الاعتدال في قبول
الخبر أعطته حقه من التمحيص والنظر}
وتـأتي
مرحلة [تركيب
الظواهر التاريخية]يرتب
المؤرخ الحوادث ترتيبا زمنيا ومنطقيا
وقد يجد فجوات فيلجأ إلى الفرضية وبعدها
يصل إلى مرحلة تغيير التاريخ وقد يستعين
بتجربة المقارنة كما فعل "مارك
بلوخ"
في
دراسته التاريخية على الإقطاع حث قارن
بين [ألمانيا,
فرنسا,
ايطاليا,
انجلترا]
ووجد
أن الإقطاع ارتبط ظهوره بالزراعة واختفى
في عصر الصناعة,
إن
التاريخ علم.نقد:
لا شك أن التاريخ أصبح علما لكن ظواهره لا
تتماثل مع الظواهر الطبيعية.
/التركيب:
الحديث
عن الفكر التاريخي يدفعنا إلى ضرورة
التمييز بين اتجاهين [الاتجاه
المالي]
وما
ينطوي عليه من نظرة فردية ذاتية و[الاتجاه
الوضعي]
الذي
اعتبر الحقائق التاريخية موضوعية يمكن
تعميمها,
ومن
هذا المنطلق لا يمكن ربط التاريخ بـالتأمل
الفلسفي وحده ولا اعتبار حوادثه مماثلة
للظواهر الطبيعية بل هي حوادث لها منهجها
الخاص,
منهج
جمع بين التأمل والنقد وبين الاستنتاج
والاستقراء وكما قال "ابن
خلدون"
في
[المقدمة]
{التاريخ
في باطنه نظرة وتحقيق وتحليل للكائنات
ومبادئها دقيق وعلم بكيفياتها الوقائع
وأسبابها عميقة وهو لذلك أصل الحكمة
العريق}
كما
أن الشواهد الواقعية تؤكد أن علم التاريخ
قد قطع أشواطا كبيرة في مسيرته التي لا
تنتهي وكما قال المؤرخ "يوري"
{التاريخ
أصح علما لا أكثر ولا أقل}.-الخاتمة:وفي
الأخير يمكن القول أن الحادثة التاريخية
حادثة إنسانية ذاتية فريدة م نوعها تختلف
عن الظواهر الفيزيائية كونها غير قابلة
للملاحظة والتجريب ومن ثم صعوبة الوصول
إلى قوانين تحكم الحوادث التاريخية هذه
الصعوبة تطرقنا إليها من خلال الموقف
المعارض لقيام التاريخ وكذا الموقف
المعاكس الذي دافع عن علمية التاريخ
انطلاقا من منهجية قوامها [جمع
المصادر والوثائق والتحليل والنقد
والتركيب والتعبير التاريخي]
ومن
كل ذلك نستنتج:نعم
يمكن أن تكون الحوادث التاريخية موضوعا
لدراسة علمية شرط مراعاة خصائص الحادثة
التاريخية.
Powered by Blogger.






